“Development and Validation of Professionalism, Perception, Fear, and Anxiety Assessment Scale of Dental Students about Dentistry After Outburst of Covid-19 And Its Variant.”
Professionalism, Perception, Fear, and Anxiety Assessment Scale of Dental Students
Keywords:
Professionalism, Perception about dentistry, perception about online dental education, Fear and Anxiety Assessment
Abstract
Introduction:
The rapidly spreading COVID-19 via respiratory droplets and aerosol made dentists treat only emergencies during this period as they deal with most of the aerosol-generating procedures. Not only day-to-day practice but even the education system has also been affected, leading to a new educational system through online teaching and learning.
Methodology: The study was divided into three phases: first, item tool development using Focus Group Discussion; second, content and face validation by a panel of experts; and third, psychometric testing (internal consistency, stability, and construct validity).
Results: The faculty Focus Group Discussion (FGD)produced three scale domains, whereas the dentistry students' FGD yielded 28 items. A group of experts certified the tools' content using LAWSHE's Scale. Two items were eliminated due to the content analysis, with a (CVR) critical of < 0.538. Using factor analysis, the researchers discovered many subscales in each domain: Professionalism: Empathy and Humanism, and Responsibility: Perception: for learning and clinical training, academic and social self-perceptions, and perceived infectability, as well as Covid-19 Phobia in Fear and Anxiety. It has a high level of internal consistency, as seen by the overall Cronbach's coefficient values. The content, face, construct validity, and retest reliability of the three domains of the instrument, as well as its subscales, were all found to be relatively stable.
Conclusion: The new tool was found to be valid and trustworthy. It may be used to evaluate dental students in both undergraduate and postgraduate programs in various institutions Pan India and different Countries.
References
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27. Kelley KA, Stanke LD, Rabi SM, Kuba SE, Janke KK. Cross-validation of an instrument for measuring professionalism behaviors. Am J Pharm Educ. 2011;75(9):179-.
28. Al-Eraky MM, Chandratilake M, Wajid G, Donkers J, van Merrienboer J. Medical professionalism: development and validation of the Arabian LAMPS. Med Teach. 2013;35 Suppl 1:S56-S62.
29. Tsai TC, Lin CH, Harasym PH, Violato C. Students' perception on medical professionalism: the psychometric perspective. Med Teach. 2007;29(2-3):128-34.
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31. Blackall GF, Melnick SA, Shoop GH, George J, Lerner SM, Wilson PK, et al. Professionalism in medical education: the development and validation of a survey instrument to assess attitudes toward professionalism. Med Teach. 2007;29(2-3):e58- e62.
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33. Hassan R, Khalifa AR, Elsewify T, Hassan MG. Perceptions of Clinical Dental Students Toward Online Education During the COVID-19 Crisis: An Egyptian Multicenter Cross- Sectional Survey. Front Psychol. 2022 Jan 7; 12:704179. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.704179. PMID: 35069304; PMCID: PMC8776649.
34. Rose S. Medical Student Education in the Time of COVID-19. JAMA. 2020 Jun 2;323(21):2131-2132.
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36. Mahdy MAA. The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Academic Performance of Veterinary Medical Students. Front Vet Sci. 2020 Oct 6; 7:594261. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.594261. PMID: 33134368; PMCID: PMC7572855.
37. Hung M, Licari FW, Hon ES, Lauren E, Su S, Birmingham WC, Wadsworth LL, Lassetter JH, Graff TC, Harman W, Carroll WB, Lipsky MS. In an era of uncertainty: Impact of COVID-19 on dental education. J Dent Educ. 2021 Feb;85(2):148-156. doi: 10.1002/jdd.12404. Epub 2020 Sep 13. PMID: 32920890.
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CoV-1. N Engl J Med. 2020 Apr 16;382(16):1564-1567. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2004973. Epub 2020 Mar 17. PMID: 32182409; PMCID: PMC7121658.
40. Morales-Vadillo R, Guevara-Canales JO, Flores-Luján VC, Robello-Malatto JM, Bazán- Asencios RH, Cava-Vergiú CE. Use of virtual reality as a learning environment in dentistry. Gen Dent. 2019 Jul-Aug;67(4):21-27. PMID: 31355760.
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46. Protocol Covid 19 – Indian Dental Association. Available at www.ida. org.in › pdf › Covid19-IDA Protocol.
2. Klemenc-Ketis Z, Vrecko H. Development and validation of a professionalism assessment scale for medical students. Int J Med Educ. 2014 Nov 9;5:205-11. doi: 10.5116/ijme.544b.7972. PMID: 25382090; PMCID: PMC4249760.
3. Han Y, Yang H. The transmission and diagnosis of 2019 novel coronavirus infection disease (COVID-19): a Chinese perspective J Med Virol 2020;92:639–644. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25749
4. Wang J, Liu F, Tan JBX, Harbarth S, Pittet D, Zingg W. Implementation of infection prevention and control in acute care hospitals in Mainland China - a systematic review. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2019 Feb 11;8:32. doi: 10.1186/s13756-019-0481-y. PMID: 30792854; PMCID: PMC6371478.
5. Suryakumari VBP, Pallavi Reddy Y, Yadav SS, Doshi D, Surekha Reddy V. Assessing Fear and Anxiety of Corona Virus Among Dental Practitioners. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2020 Sep 11:1-6. doi: 10.1017/dmp.2020.350. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32921326; PMCID: PMC7674805
6. Aldhuwayhi S, Mallineni SK, Sakhamuri S, Thakare AA, Mallineni S, Sajja R, Sethi M, Nettam V, Mohammad AM. Covid-19 Knowledge and Perceptions Among Dental Specialists: A Cross-Sectional Online Questionnaire Survey. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2021 Jul 7;14:2851-2861. doi: 10.2147/RMHP.S306880. PMID: 34262372; PMCID: PMC8274826.
7. Jaganathan S, Ramesh M, Krishnan R. Perception, Knowledge, and Attitude of Problem- based Learning among Dental College Students in India: A Closed-ended Questionnaire Study. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2020 Aug;12(Suppl 1):S340-S344. doi: 10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_376_19. Epub 2020 Aug 28. PMID: 33149483; PMCID: PMC7595478.
8. Marelić M, Viskić J, Poplašen LM, Relić D, Jokić D, Rukavina TV. Development and validation of scale for measuring attitudes towards e-professionalism among medical and
dental students: SMePROF-S scale. BMC Med Educ. 2021 Aug 23;21(1):445. doi: 10.1186/s12909-021-02879-2. PMID: 34425792; PMCID: PMC8381479.
9. Taibah SM. Dental professionalism and influencing factors: patients' perception. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2018 Sep 3;12:1649-1658. doi: 10.2147/PPA.S172788. PMID: 30214167; PMCID: PMC6126481.
10. Hamad HA, Sunni ZA, AlMohsin F, AlMaimouni Y, Khabeer A, Nazir MA, Farooq I. An Assessment of Various Challenges Perceived by Dental Students amidst the COVID- 19 Pandemic: A Digital Questionnaire Study. Behav Sci (Basel). 2022 Feb 4;12(2):36. doi: 10.3390/bs12020036. PMID: 35200287; PMCID: PMC8869419.
11. Ahorsu DK, Lin CY, Imani V, Saffari M, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and Initial Validation. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2020 Mar 27:1-9. doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32226353; PMCID: PMC7100496.
12. Haseeb M, Azfar MW, Ahmed M, Tariq A, Nawaz MS, Sadiq A. Development and validation of scale for self evaluation of soft skills in postgraduate dental students. J Pak Med Assoc. 2021 Jan;71(Suppl 1)(1):S9-S13. PMID: 33582715.
13. Warr DJ. It was fun.but we don’t usually talk about these things: Analyzing Sociable Interaction in Focus Groups. Qual Inq 2005; 11:200-25
14. Drahota A, Dewey A. The sociogram: A useful tool in the analysis of focus groups. Nurs Res 2008; 57:293-7.
15. Zamanzadeh V, Ghahramanian A, Rassouli M, Abbaszadeh A, Alavi-Majd H, Nikanfar AR. Design and Implementation Content Validity Study: Development of an instrument for measuring Patient-Centered Communication. J Caring Sci. 2015 Jun 1;4(2):165-78. doi: 10.15171/jcs.2015.017. PMID: 26161370; PMCID: PMC4484991.
16. Wynd CA, Schmidt B, Schaefer MA. Two quantitative approaches for estimating content validity. West J Nurs Res. 2003 Aug;25(5):508-18.
17. Buckley LA, Gilbert GE, Bauman EB. Psychometric testing of a checklist for procedural training of peripheral intravenous insertion. Adv Simul (Lond). 2019 Apr 18;4:5. doi: 10.1186/s41077-019-0092-y. PMID: 31019738; PMCID: PMC6471996.
18. Artino AR Jr, La Rochelle JS, Dezee KJ, Gehlbach H. Developing questionnaires for educational research: AMEE Guide No. 87. Med Teach. 2014 Jun;36(6):463-74. doi: 10.3109/0142159X.2014.889814. Epub 2014 Mar 24. PMID: 24661014; PMCID: PMC4059192.
19. Guillemin F. Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of health status measures. Scand J Rheumatol 1995;24:61-3
20. Cook DA, Beckman TJ. Current concepts in validity and reliability for psychometric instruments: theory and application. Am J Med. 2006 Feb;119(2):166.e7-16. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.10.036. PMID: 16443422.
21. Ponto J. Understanding and Evaluating Survey Research. J Adv Pract Oncol. 2015 Mar- Apr;6(2):168-71. Epub 2015 Mar 1. PMID: 26649250; PMCID: PMC4601897.
22. Izquierdo I, Olea J, Abad FJ. Exploratory factor analysis in validation studies: uses and recommendations. Psicothema. 2014;26(3):395-400. doi: 10.7334/psicothema2013.349. PMID: 25069561.
23. Suryakumari VBP, Pallavi Reddy Y, Yadav SS, Doshi D, Surekha Reddy V. Assessing Fear and Anxiety of Corona Virus Among Dental Practitioners. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2020 Sep 11:1-6. doi: 10.1017/dmp.2020.350. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32921326; PMCID: PMC7674805.
24. Brennan T, Blank L, Kimball H, Smelser N, Copeland R, Lavizzo R, et al. Medical professionalism in the new millennium: a physicians' charter. Clin Med. 2002;2(2):116- 8.
25. Asiandi A, Erlina M, Lin YH, Huang MC. Psychometric Evaluation of the Nurses Professional Values Scale-3: Indonesian Version. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Aug 20;18(16):8810. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18168810. PMID: 34444553; PMCID: PMC8391371.
26. Alahdab F, Halvorsen AJ, Mandrekar JN, Vaa BE, Montori VM, West CP, Murad MH, Beckman TJ. How do we assess resilience and grit among internal medicine residents at the Mayo Clinic? A longitudinal validity study including correlations with medical knowledge, professionalism and clinical performance. BMJ Open. 2020 Dec 15;10(12):e040699. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040699. PMID: 33323437; PMCID: PMC7745331.
27. Kelley KA, Stanke LD, Rabi SM, Kuba SE, Janke KK. Cross-validation of an instrument for measuring professionalism behaviors. Am J Pharm Educ. 2011;75(9):179-.
28. Al-Eraky MM, Chandratilake M, Wajid G, Donkers J, van Merrienboer J. Medical professionalism: development and validation of the Arabian LAMPS. Med Teach. 2013;35 Suppl 1:S56-S62.
29. Tsai TC, Lin CH, Harasym PH, Violato C. Students' perception on medical professionalism: the psychometric perspective. Med Teach. 2007;29(2-3):128-34.
30. Brennan T, Blank L, Kimball H, Smelser N, Copeland R, Lavizzo R, et al. Medical professionalism in the new millennium: a physicians' charter. Clin Med. 2002;2(2):116- 8.
31. Blackall GF, Melnick SA, Shoop GH, George J, Lerner SM, Wilson PK, et al. Professionalism in medical education: the development and validation of a survey instrument to assess attitudes toward professionalism. Med Teach. 2007;29(2-3):e58- e62.
32. Czabanowska K, Klemenc-Ketis Z, Potter A, Rochfort A, Tomasik T, Cziszar J, et al. Development of a competency framework for quality improvement in family medicine: a qualitative study. J Contin Educ Health Prof. 2012;32(3):174-80.
33. Hassan R, Khalifa AR, Elsewify T, Hassan MG. Perceptions of Clinical Dental Students Toward Online Education During the COVID-19 Crisis: An Egyptian Multicenter Cross- Sectional Survey. Front Psychol. 2022 Jan 7; 12:704179. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.704179. PMID: 35069304; PMCID: PMC8776649.
34. Rose S. Medical Student Education in the Time of COVID-19. JAMA. 2020 Jun 2;323(21):2131-2132.
35. Iyer P, Aziz K, Ojcius DM. Impact of COVID-19 on dental education in the United States. J Dent Educ. 2020 Jun;84(6):718-722. doi: 10.1002/jdd.12163. Epub 2020 Apr 27. PMID: 32342516.
36. Mahdy MAA. The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Academic Performance of Veterinary Medical Students. Front Vet Sci. 2020 Oct 6; 7:594261. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.594261. PMID: 33134368; PMCID: PMC7572855.
37. Hung M, Licari FW, Hon ES, Lauren E, Su S, Birmingham WC, Wadsworth LL, Lassetter JH, Graff TC, Harman W, Carroll WB, Lipsky MS. In an era of uncertainty: Impact of COVID-19 on dental education. J Dent Educ. 2021 Feb;85(2):148-156. doi: 10.1002/jdd.12404. Epub 2020 Sep 13. PMID: 32920890.
38. Lewin KM. Contingent reflections on coronavirus and priorities for educational planning and development. Prospects (Paris). 2020;49(1-2):17-24. doi: 10.1007/s11125-020-09480-3. Epub 2020 Jun 26. PMID: 32836423; PMCID: PMC7318719.
39. van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris DH, Holbrook MG, Gamble A, Williamson BN, Tamin A, Harcourt JL, Thornburg NJ, Gerber SI, Lloyd-Smith JO, de Wit E, Munster VJ. Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-
CoV-1. N Engl J Med. 2020 Apr 16;382(16):1564-1567. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2004973. Epub 2020 Mar 17. PMID: 32182409; PMCID: PMC7121658.
40. Morales-Vadillo R, Guevara-Canales JO, Flores-Luján VC, Robello-Malatto JM, Bazán- Asencios RH, Cava-Vergiú CE. Use of virtual reality as a learning environment in dentistry. Gen Dent. 2019 Jul-Aug;67(4):21-27. PMID: 31355760.
41. Van Doren EJ, Lee JE, Breitman LS, Chutinan S, Ohyama H. Students' perceptions on dental education in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. J Dent Educ. 2020 Jul 5:10. doi: 10.1002/jdd.12300. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32623715; PMCID: PMC7361634.
42. Jayaweera M, Perera H, Gunawardana B, Manatunge J. Transmission of COVID-19 virus by droplets and aerosols: A critical review on the unresolved dichotomy. Environ Res. 2020 Sep; 188:109819. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109819. Epub 2020 Jun 13. PMID: 32569870; PMCID: PMC7293495.
43. Ahmed MA, Jouhar R, Ahmed N, et al. Fear and practice modifications among dentists to combat novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020; 17:2821.
44. Mirzaie A, Halaji M, Dehkordi FS, Ranjbar R, Noorbazargan H. A narrative literature review on traditional medicine options for treatment of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2020 Aug; 40:101214. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101214. Epub 2020 Jun 17. PMID: 32891290; PMCID: PMC7831809.
45. Spoorthy MS, Pratapa SK, Mahant S. Mental health problems faced by healthcare workers due to the COVID-19 pandemic-A review. Asian J Psychiatr. 2020 Jun; 51:102119. doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102119. Epub 2020 Apr 22. PMID: 32339895; PMCID: PMC7175897.
46. Protocol Covid 19 – Indian Dental Association. Available at www.ida. org.in › pdf › Covid19-IDA Protocol.
Published
2024-01-30
How to Cite
Agrawal, N., Bais, D. R., & Maheshwari, S. (2024). “Development and Validation of Professionalism, Perception, Fear, and Anxiety Assessment Scale of Dental Students about Dentistry After Outburst of Covid-19 And Its Variant.” . UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF DENTAL SCIENCES, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.21276/ujds.2024.10.1.3
Section
Original Research Paper
