TMJ regenerative Medicine
Review
Keywords:
Tmj, Stem cell,
Abstract
Abstract
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is an articulation formed between the temporal bone and the mandibular condyle which is commonly affected and course with pain and dysfunctions of the temporomandibular joint. These affections are often so painful during fundamental oral activities that patients have lower quality of life. The treatment of these disorders includes systematically administered drugs (especially non steroid anti-inflammatory drugs and corticoids), physical therapies, and minimally invasive therapies that require intra articular injections. Limitations of therapeutics for severe TMJ diseases have led to increased interest in regenerative strategies combining stem cells, implantable scaffolds and well-targeting bioactive molecules. Recent advances in tissue engineering may provide an alternative to traditional strategies to repair and regenerate the TMJ. To succeed in functional and structural regeneration of TMJ is very challenging. Innovative strategies and biomaterials are absolutely crucial because TMJ can be considered as one of the most difficult tissues to regenerate due to its limited healing capacity, its unique histological and structural properties and the necessity for long-term prevention of its ossified or fibrous adhesions. The ideal approach for TMJ regeneration is a unique scaffold functionalized with an osteochondral molecular gradient containing a single stem cell population able to undergo osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation such as BMSCs, ADSCs or DPSCs. The key for this complex regeneration is the functionalization with active molecules such as IGF-1, TGF-beta 1 or bFGF. This regeneration can be optimized by nano/micro-assisted functionalization and by spatiotemporal drug delivery systems orchestrating the 3D formation of TMJ tissues. Preceding the current trends in tissue engineering is an analysis of native tissue characterization, toward identifying tissue engineering objectives and validation metrics for restoring healthy and functional structures of the TMJ.
References
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8. Bibb, C.A.; Pullinger, A.G.; Baldioceda, F. Serial variation in histological character of articular soft tissue in young human adult temporomandibular joint condyles. Arch. Oral Biol. 1993, 38, 343–352.
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24. Uematsu, K.; Hattori, K.; Ishimoto, Y.; Yamauchi, J.; Habata, T.; Takakura, Y.; Ohgushi, H.; Fukuchi, T.; Sato, M. Cartilage regeneration using mesenchymal stem cells and a three-dimensional poly-lactic-glycolic acid (PLGA) scaffold. Biomaterials 2005, 26, 4273–4279.
25. Hagandora, C.K.; Gao, J.; Wang, Y.; Almarza, A.J. Poly (glycerol sebacate): A novel scaffold material for temporomandibular joint disc engineering. Tissue Eng. Part A 2013, 19, 729–737.
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27. Springer, I.N.; Fleiner, B.; Jepsen, S.; Açil, Y. Culture of cells gained from temporomandibular joint cartilage on non-absorbable scaffolds. Biomaterials 2001, 22, 2569–2577.
28. Grande, D.A.; Halberstadt, C.; Naughton, G.; Schwartz, R.; Manji, R. Evaluation of matrix scaffolds for tissue engineering of articular cartilage grafts. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1997, 34, 211–220.
29. Balakrishnan, B.; Joshi, N.; Jayakrishnan, A.; Banerjee, R. Self-crosslinked oxidized alginate/gelatin hydrogel as injectable, adhesive biomimetic scaffolds for cartilage regeneration. Acta Biomater. 2014, 10, 3650–3663.
30. Ma, P.X. Scaffolds for tissue fabrication. Mater. Today 2004, 7, 30–40.
31. Eap, S.; Morand, D.; Clauss, F.; Huck, O.; Stoltz, J.F.; Lutz, J.C.; Gottenberg, J.E.; Benkirane-Jessel, N.; Keller, L.; Fioretti, F. Nanostructured thick 3D nanofibrous scaffold can induce bone. Biomed. Mater. Eng. 2015, 25, 79–85.
32. Keller, L.; Wagner, Q.; Pugliano, M.; Breda, P.; Ehlinger, M.; Schwinté, P.; Benkirane-Jessel, N. Bi-layered nano active implant with hybrid stem cell microtissues for tuned cartilage hypertrophy. J. Stem Cell Res. Ther. 2015.
33. Detamore, M.S.; Athanasiou, K.A. Motivation, characterization, and strategy for tissue engineering the temporomandibular joint disc. Tissue Eng. 2003, 9, 1065–1087.
34. Almarza, A.J.; Athanasiou, K.A. Evaluation of three growth factors in combinations of two for temporomandibular joint disc tissue engineering. Arch. Oral Biol. 2006, 51, 215–221.
35. Detamore, M.S.; Athanasiou, K.A. Evaluation of three growth factors for TMJ disc tissue engineering. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 2005, 33, 383–390.
36. Su, X.; Bao, G.; Kang, H. Effects of basic fibroblast growth factor on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell differentiation into temporomandibular joint disc cells. Sheng Wu Yi Xue Gong Cheng Xue Za Zhi 2012, 29, 732–736.
37. Kang, H.; Bi, Y.D.; Li, Z.Q.; Qi, M.Y.; Peng, E.M. Effect of transforming growth factor _(1) and insulin-like growth factor-I on extracelluar matrix synthesis of self-assembled constructs of goat temporomandibular joint disc. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2011, 46, 541–546.
38. Hanaoka, K.; Tanaka, E.; Takata, T.; Miyauchi, M.; Aoyama, J.; Kawai, N.; Dalla-Bona, D.A.; Yamano, E.; Tanne, K. Platelet-derived growth factor enhances proliferation and matrix synthesis of temporomandibular joint disc-derived cells. Angle Orthod. 2006, 76, 486–492.
39. Scheller, E.L.; Krebsbach, P.H. Gene therapy: Design and prospects for craniofacial regeneration. J. Dent. Res. 2009, 88, 585–596.
40. Scheller, E.L.; Villa-Diaz, L.G.; Krebsbach, P.H. Gene therapy: Implications for craniofacial regeneration. J. Craniofac. Surg. 2012, 23, 333–337.
41. Zhang, X.; Kovtun, A.; Mendoza-Palomares, C.; Oulad-Abdelghani, M.; Fioretti, F.; Rinckenbach, S.; Mainard, D.; Epple, M.; Benkirane-Jessel, N. SiRNA-loaded multi-shell nanoparticles incorporated into a multilayered film as a reservoir for gene silencing. Biomaterials 2010, 31, 6013–6028.
42. Yoo, H.S.; Kim, T.G.; Park, T.G. Surface-functionalized electro spun nanofibers for tissue engineering and drug delivery. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2009, 61, 1033–1042.
43. Huang, Z.M.; He, C.L.; Yang, A.; Zhang, Y.; Han, X.J.; Yin, J.; Wu, Q. Encapsulating drugs in biodegradable ultrafine fibers through co-axial electro spinning. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 2006, 77, 169–179.
44. Park, C.H.; Kim, K.H.; Lee, J.C.; Lee, J. In-situ nanofabrication via electrohydrodynamic jetting of countercharged nozzles. Polym. Bull. 2008, 61, 521–528.
45. Ferrand, A.; Eap, S.; Richert, L.; Lemoine, S.; Kalaskar, D.; Demoustier-Champagne, S.; Atmani, H.; Mély, Y.; Fioretti, F.; Schlatter, G.; et al. Osteogenetic properties of electro spun nanofibrous PCL scaffolds equipped with chitosan-based nanoreservoirs of growth factors. Macromol. Biosci. 2014, 14, 45–55.
46. Li, G.; Zhang, T.; Li, M.; Fu, N.; Fu, Y.; Ba, K.; Deng, S.; Jiang, Y.; Hu, J.; Peng, Q.; et al. Electrospun fibers for dental and craniofacial applications. Curr. Stem Cell Res. Ther. 2014, 9, 187–195.
47. Eap, S.; Keller, L.; Schiavi, J.; Huck, O.; Jacomine, L.; Fioretti, F.; Gauthier, C.; Sebastian, V.; Schwinté, P.; Benkirane-Jessel, N. A living thick nanofibrous implant bifunctionalized with active growth factor and stem cells for bone regeneration. Int. J. Nanomed. 2015, 10, 1061–1075.
48. Ackland, D.C.; Robinson, D.; Redhead, M.; Lee, P.V.S.; Moskaljuk, A.; Dimitroulis, G. A personalized 3D-printed prosthetic joint replacement for the human temporomandibular joint: From implant design to implantation. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 2017, 69, 404–411.
49. Wang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Li, X.; Pan, J.; Li, J. reconstruction of mandibular contour using individualized high-density porous polyethylene (Medpor®) implants under the guidance of virtual surgical planning and 3D-printed surgical templates. Aesthet. Plast. Surg. 2017.
50. Chen, V.J.; Smith, L.A.; Ma, P.X. Bone regeneration on computer-designed nano-fibrous scaffolds. Biomaterials 2006, 27, 3973–3979.
51. Jessop, Z.M.; Javed, M.; Otto, I.A.; Combellack, E.J.; Morgan, S.; Breugem, C.C.; Archer, C.W.; Khan, I.M.; Lineaweaver, W.C.; Kon, M.; et al. Combining regenerative medicine strategies to provide durable reconstructive options: Auricular cartilage tissue engineering. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2016, 7, 19.
52. Li, J.; Hsu, Y.; Luo, E.; Khadka, A.; Hu, J. Computer-aided design and manufacturing and rapid prototyped nanoscale hydroxyapatite/polyamide (n-HA/PA) construction for condylar defect caused by mandibular angle ostectomy. Aesthet. Plast. Surg. 2011, 35, 636–640.
2. Gopal, S.K.; Shankar, R.; Vardhan, B.H. Prevalence of temporo-mandibular disorders in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients: A cross-sectional study. Int. J. Adv. Health Sci. 2014, 1, 14–20.
3. Su, N.; Liu, Y.; Yang, X.; Shen, J.; Wang, H. Association of malocclusion, self-reported bruxism and chewing-side preference with oral health-related quality of life in patients with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis. Int. Dent. J. 2017
4. Mehrotra, D. TMJ bioengineering: A review. J. Oral Biol. Craniofac. Res. 2013, 3, 140–145.
5. Symons, N.B. The development of the human mandibular joint. J. Anat. 1952, 86, 326–332.
6. Baume, L.J. Ontogenesis of the human temporomandibular joint. I. Development of the condyles. J. Dent. Res. 1962, 41, 1327–1339
7. Hansson, T.; Oberg, T.; Carlsson, G.E.; Kopp, S. Thickness of the soft tissue layers and the articular disk in the temporomandibular joint. Acta Odontol. Scand. 1977, 35, 77–83.
8. Bibb, C.A.; Pullinger, A.G.; Baldioceda, F. Serial variation in histological character of articular soft tissue in young human adult temporomandibular joint condyles. Arch. Oral Biol. 1993, 38, 343–352.
9. Kinoshita, Y.; Maeda, H. Recent developments of functional scaffolds for craniomaxillofacial bone tissue engineering applications. Sci. World J. 2013, 2013, 863157.
10. Anderson, D.E.; Athanasiou, K.A. Passaged goat costal chondrocytes provide a feasible cell source for temporomandibular joint tissue engineering. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 2008, 36, 1992–2001.
11. Anderson, D.E.; Athanasiou, K.A. A comparison of primary and passaged chondrocytes for use in engineering the temporomandibular joint. Arch. Oral Biol. 2009, 54, 138–145.
12. Wang, L.; Lazebnik, M.; Detamore, M.S. Hyaline cartilage cells outperform mandibular condylar cartilage cells in a TMJ fibrocartilage tissue engineering application. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 2009, 17, 346–353.
13. Mäenpää, K.; Ellä, V.; Mauno, J.; Kellomäki, M.; Suuronen, R.; Ylikomi, T.; Miettinen, S. Use of adipose stem cells and polylactide discs for tissue engineering of the temporomandibular joint disc. J. R. Soc. Interface 2010, 7, 177–188.
14. Sunil, P.; Manikandhan, R.; Muthu, M.; Abraham, S. Stem cell therapy in oral and maxillofacial region: An overview. J. Oral Maxillofac. Pathol. 2012, 16, 58–63.
15. Saito, M.T.; Silvério, K.G.; Casati, M.Z.; Sallum, E.A.; Nociti, F.H. Tooth-derived stem cells: Update and perspectives. World J. Stem Cells 2015, 7, 399–407.
16. Park, Y.J.; Cha, S.; Park, Y.S. Regenerative applications using tooth derived stem cells in other than tooth regeneration: A literature review. Stem Cells Int. 2016, 2016, 9305986.
17. Gronthos, S.; Mankani, M.; Brahim, J.; Robey, P.G.; Shi, S. Postnatal human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in vitro and in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2000, 97, 13625–13630.
18. Almarza, A.J.; Athanasiou, K.A. Effects of initial cell seeding density for the tissue engineering of the temporomandibular joint disc. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 2005, 33, 943–950.
19. Willerth, S.M.; Sakiyama-Elbert, S.E. Combining stem cells and biomaterial scaffolds for constructing tissues and cell delivery. In The Stem Cell Research Community; StemBook, Ed.; Harvard Stem Cell Institute: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2008.
20. Awad, H.A.; Wickham, M.Q.; Leddy, H.A.; Gimble, J.M.; Guilak, F. Chondrogenic differentiation of adipose-derived adult stem cells in agarose, alginate, and gelatin scaffolds. Biomaterials 2004, 25, 3211–3222.
21. Huang, C.Y.; Reuben, P.M.; D’Ippolito, G.; Schiller, P.C.; Cheung, H.S. Chondrogenesis of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in agarose culture. Anat. Rec. A Discov. Mol. Cell. Evol. Biol. 2004, 278, 428–436.
22. Baker, M.I.; Walsh, S.P.; Schwartz, Z.; Boyan, B.D. A review of polyvinyl alcohol and its uses in cartilage and orthopedic applications. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater. 2012, 100, 1451–1457.
23. Bodugoz-Senturk, H.; Macias, C.E.; Kung, J.H.; Muratoglu, O.K. Poly (vinyl alcohol)-acrylamide hydrogels as load-bearing cartilage substitute. Biomaterials 2009, 30, 589–596.
24. Uematsu, K.; Hattori, K.; Ishimoto, Y.; Yamauchi, J.; Habata, T.; Takakura, Y.; Ohgushi, H.; Fukuchi, T.; Sato, M. Cartilage regeneration using mesenchymal stem cells and a three-dimensional poly-lactic-glycolic acid (PLGA) scaffold. Biomaterials 2005, 26, 4273–4279.
25. Hagandora, C.K.; Gao, J.; Wang, Y.; Almarza, A.J. Poly (glycerol sebacate): A novel scaffold material for temporomandibular joint disc engineering. Tissue Eng. Part A 2013, 19, 729–737.
26. Allen, K.D.; Athanasiou, K.A. Scaffold and growth factor selection in temporomandibular joint disc engineering. J. Dent. Res. 2008, 87, 180–185.
27. Springer, I.N.; Fleiner, B.; Jepsen, S.; Açil, Y. Culture of cells gained from temporomandibular joint cartilage on non-absorbable scaffolds. Biomaterials 2001, 22, 2569–2577.
28. Grande, D.A.; Halberstadt, C.; Naughton, G.; Schwartz, R.; Manji, R. Evaluation of matrix scaffolds for tissue engineering of articular cartilage grafts. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1997, 34, 211–220.
29. Balakrishnan, B.; Joshi, N.; Jayakrishnan, A.; Banerjee, R. Self-crosslinked oxidized alginate/gelatin hydrogel as injectable, adhesive biomimetic scaffolds for cartilage regeneration. Acta Biomater. 2014, 10, 3650–3663.
30. Ma, P.X. Scaffolds for tissue fabrication. Mater. Today 2004, 7, 30–40.
31. Eap, S.; Morand, D.; Clauss, F.; Huck, O.; Stoltz, J.F.; Lutz, J.C.; Gottenberg, J.E.; Benkirane-Jessel, N.; Keller, L.; Fioretti, F. Nanostructured thick 3D nanofibrous scaffold can induce bone. Biomed. Mater. Eng. 2015, 25, 79–85.
32. Keller, L.; Wagner, Q.; Pugliano, M.; Breda, P.; Ehlinger, M.; Schwinté, P.; Benkirane-Jessel, N. Bi-layered nano active implant with hybrid stem cell microtissues for tuned cartilage hypertrophy. J. Stem Cell Res. Ther. 2015.
33. Detamore, M.S.; Athanasiou, K.A. Motivation, characterization, and strategy for tissue engineering the temporomandibular joint disc. Tissue Eng. 2003, 9, 1065–1087.
34. Almarza, A.J.; Athanasiou, K.A. Evaluation of three growth factors in combinations of two for temporomandibular joint disc tissue engineering. Arch. Oral Biol. 2006, 51, 215–221.
35. Detamore, M.S.; Athanasiou, K.A. Evaluation of three growth factors for TMJ disc tissue engineering. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 2005, 33, 383–390.
36. Su, X.; Bao, G.; Kang, H. Effects of basic fibroblast growth factor on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell differentiation into temporomandibular joint disc cells. Sheng Wu Yi Xue Gong Cheng Xue Za Zhi 2012, 29, 732–736.
37. Kang, H.; Bi, Y.D.; Li, Z.Q.; Qi, M.Y.; Peng, E.M. Effect of transforming growth factor _(1) and insulin-like growth factor-I on extracelluar matrix synthesis of self-assembled constructs of goat temporomandibular joint disc. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2011, 46, 541–546.
38. Hanaoka, K.; Tanaka, E.; Takata, T.; Miyauchi, M.; Aoyama, J.; Kawai, N.; Dalla-Bona, D.A.; Yamano, E.; Tanne, K. Platelet-derived growth factor enhances proliferation and matrix synthesis of temporomandibular joint disc-derived cells. Angle Orthod. 2006, 76, 486–492.
39. Scheller, E.L.; Krebsbach, P.H. Gene therapy: Design and prospects for craniofacial regeneration. J. Dent. Res. 2009, 88, 585–596.
40. Scheller, E.L.; Villa-Diaz, L.G.; Krebsbach, P.H. Gene therapy: Implications for craniofacial regeneration. J. Craniofac. Surg. 2012, 23, 333–337.
41. Zhang, X.; Kovtun, A.; Mendoza-Palomares, C.; Oulad-Abdelghani, M.; Fioretti, F.; Rinckenbach, S.; Mainard, D.; Epple, M.; Benkirane-Jessel, N. SiRNA-loaded multi-shell nanoparticles incorporated into a multilayered film as a reservoir for gene silencing. Biomaterials 2010, 31, 6013–6028.
42. Yoo, H.S.; Kim, T.G.; Park, T.G. Surface-functionalized electro spun nanofibers for tissue engineering and drug delivery. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2009, 61, 1033–1042.
43. Huang, Z.M.; He, C.L.; Yang, A.; Zhang, Y.; Han, X.J.; Yin, J.; Wu, Q. Encapsulating drugs in biodegradable ultrafine fibers through co-axial electro spinning. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 2006, 77, 169–179.
44. Park, C.H.; Kim, K.H.; Lee, J.C.; Lee, J. In-situ nanofabrication via electrohydrodynamic jetting of countercharged nozzles. Polym. Bull. 2008, 61, 521–528.
45. Ferrand, A.; Eap, S.; Richert, L.; Lemoine, S.; Kalaskar, D.; Demoustier-Champagne, S.; Atmani, H.; Mély, Y.; Fioretti, F.; Schlatter, G.; et al. Osteogenetic properties of electro spun nanofibrous PCL scaffolds equipped with chitosan-based nanoreservoirs of growth factors. Macromol. Biosci. 2014, 14, 45–55.
46. Li, G.; Zhang, T.; Li, M.; Fu, N.; Fu, Y.; Ba, K.; Deng, S.; Jiang, Y.; Hu, J.; Peng, Q.; et al. Electrospun fibers for dental and craniofacial applications. Curr. Stem Cell Res. Ther. 2014, 9, 187–195.
47. Eap, S.; Keller, L.; Schiavi, J.; Huck, O.; Jacomine, L.; Fioretti, F.; Gauthier, C.; Sebastian, V.; Schwinté, P.; Benkirane-Jessel, N. A living thick nanofibrous implant bifunctionalized with active growth factor and stem cells for bone regeneration. Int. J. Nanomed. 2015, 10, 1061–1075.
48. Ackland, D.C.; Robinson, D.; Redhead, M.; Lee, P.V.S.; Moskaljuk, A.; Dimitroulis, G. A personalized 3D-printed prosthetic joint replacement for the human temporomandibular joint: From implant design to implantation. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 2017, 69, 404–411.
49. Wang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Li, X.; Pan, J.; Li, J. reconstruction of mandibular contour using individualized high-density porous polyethylene (Medpor®) implants under the guidance of virtual surgical planning and 3D-printed surgical templates. Aesthet. Plast. Surg. 2017.
50. Chen, V.J.; Smith, L.A.; Ma, P.X. Bone regeneration on computer-designed nano-fibrous scaffolds. Biomaterials 2006, 27, 3973–3979.
51. Jessop, Z.M.; Javed, M.; Otto, I.A.; Combellack, E.J.; Morgan, S.; Breugem, C.C.; Archer, C.W.; Khan, I.M.; Lineaweaver, W.C.; Kon, M.; et al. Combining regenerative medicine strategies to provide durable reconstructive options: Auricular cartilage tissue engineering. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2016, 7, 19.
52. Li, J.; Hsu, Y.; Luo, E.; Khadka, A.; Hu, J. Computer-aided design and manufacturing and rapid prototyped nanoscale hydroxyapatite/polyamide (n-HA/PA) construction for condylar defect caused by mandibular angle ostectomy. Aesthet. Plast. Surg. 2011, 35, 636–640.
Published
2021-07-08
How to Cite
Pallavi. (2021). TMJ regenerative Medicine. UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF DENTAL SCIENCES, 7(3). https://doi.org/10.21276/ujds.2021.7.3.20
Section
Review Article
