Illuminating oral health: a comprehensive review of photodynamic therapy in dentistry
Keywords:
Photodynamic Therapy, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, oral pathogens, photosensitizers in dentistry, dental biofilm control, periodontal therapy
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising non-invasive treatment in dentistry for managing microbial infections, oral malignancies, and periodontal diseases. It uses photosensitizers to generate reactive oxygen species, targeting and killing pathogenic microorganisms. Recent advancements in photosensitizing agents and light-delivery systems for dental applications evaluate their efficacy and limitations. PDT has clinical applications in endodontics, periodontics, and caries prevention, with comparative effectiveness with traditional treatments. However, limitations such as tissue penetration depth and photosensitizer specificity remain for further research. The article suggests potential advancements in light technology and photosensitizer formulations to enhance PDT's scope and effectiveness.
References
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3. Hamblin, M.R. Fullerenes as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy: Pros and cons. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 2018, 17, 1515–1533.
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6. Ghorbani J, Rahban D, Aghamiri S, Teymouri A, Bahador A. Photosensitizers in antibacterial photodynamic therapy: an overview. Laser Ther. 2018 Dec 31;27(4):293-302. doi: 10.5978/islsm.27_18-RA-01.
7. Cieplik F, Tabenski L, Buchalla W, Maisch T. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for inactivation of biofilms formed by oral key pathogens. Front Microbiol. 2014;5:405. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00405.
8. Neelakantan P, Cheng CQ, Ravichandran V, Mao T, Sriraman P, Sridharan S. et al. Photoactivation of curcumin and sodium hypochlorite to enhance antibiofilm efficacy in root canal dentin. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2015;12(1):108–14. doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2014.10.011.
9. Fimple J.L., Fontana C.R., Foschi F., Ruggiero K., Song X., Pagonis T.C., Tanner A.C.R., Kent R., Doukas A.G., Stashenko P.P., et al. Photodynamic treatment of endodontic polymicrobial infection in vitro. J. Endod. 2008;34:728–734. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.03.011.
10. Rodríguez-Cerdeira C, Martínez-Herrera E, Fabbrocini G, Sanchez-Blanco B, López-Barcenas A, El-Samahy M, Juárez-Durán ER, González-Cespón JL. New Applications of Photodynamic Therapy in the Management of Candidiasis. J Fungi (Basel). 2021 Nov 29;7(12):1025. doi: 10.3390/jof7121025.
11. Xie L, Ji X, Zhang Q, Wei Y. Curcumin combined with photodynamic therapy, promising therapies for the treatment of cancer. Biomed Pharmacother. 2022 Feb;146:112567. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112567.
12. Etemadi A, Hamidain M, Parker S, Chiniforush N. Blue Light Photodynamic Therapy With Curcumin and Riboflavin in the Management of Periodontitis: A Systematic Review. J Lasers Med Sci. 2021 Apr 21;12:e15. doi: 10.34172/jlms.2021.15.
13. Mozayeni MA, Vatandoost F, Asnaashari M, Shokri M, Azari-Marhabi S, Asnaashari N. Comparing the Efficacy of Toluidine Blue, Methylene Blue and Curcumin in Photodynamic Therapy Against Enterococcus faecalis. J Lasers Med Sci. 2020 Fall;11(Suppl 1):S49-S54. doi: 10.34172/jlms.2020.S8.
14. Gunaydin G, Gedik ME, Ayan S. Photodynamic Therapy-Current Limitations and Novel Approaches. Front Chem. 2021 Jun 10;9:691697. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2021.691697.
15. Harris DM, Sulewski JG. Photoinactivation and Photoablation of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Pathogens. 2023 Sep 14;12(9):1160. doi: 10.3390/pathogens12091160.
16. Alkahtani S, S Al-Johani N, Alarifi S, Afzal M. Cytotoxicity Mechanisms of Blue-Light-Activated Curcumin in T98G Cell Line: Inducing Apoptosis through ROS-Dependent Downregulation of MMP Pathways. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Feb 14;24(4):3842. doi: 10.3390/ijms24043842.
17. Chen, H.M.; Yu, C.H.; Tu, P.C.; Yeh, C.Y.; Tsai, T.; Chiang, C.P. Successful treatment of oral verrucous hyperplasia and oral leukoplakia with topical 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy. Lasers Surg. Med. 2005, 37, 114–122.
18. Huang X., Zhang S., Tang Y., Zhang X., Bai Y., Pang H. Advances in metal–organic framework-based nanozymes and their applications. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2021;449:214216. doi: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214216.
19. Schieber M, Chandel NS. ROS function in redox signaling and oxidative stress. Curr Biol. 2014 May 19;24(10):R453-62. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.034.
20. Kashef N, Hamblin MR. Can microbial cells develop resistance to oxidative stress in antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation? Drug Resist Updat. 2017 Mar;31:31-42. doi: 10.1016/j.drup.2017.07.003.
21. Garapati C., Boddu S.H., Jacob S., Ranch K.M., Patel C., Babu R.J., Tiwari A.K., Yasin H. Photodynamic therapy: A special emphasis on nanocarrier-mediated delivery of photosensitizers in antimicrobial therapy. Arab. J. Chem. 2023;16:104583. doi: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104583.
22. Hamblin MR, Hasan T. Photodynamic therapy: a new antimicrobial approach to infectious disease? Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2004 May;3(5):436-50. doi: 10.1039/b311900a.
23. Belibasakis GN, Belstrøm D, Eick S, Gursoy UK, Johansson A, Könönen E. Periodontal microbiology and microbial etiology of periodontal diseases: Historical concepts and contemporary perspectives. Periodontol 2000. 2023 Jan 20. doi: 10.1111/prd.12473.
24. Nie M, Huang P, Peng P, Shen D, Zhao L, Jiang D, Shen Y, Wei L, Bible PW, Yang J, Wang J, Wu Y. Efficacy of photodynamic therapy as an adjunct to scaling and root planing on clinical parameters and microbial composition in subgingival plaque of periodontitis patients: A split-mouth randomized clinical trial. J Periodontol. 2024 Jun;95(6):535-549.
25. Rajesh S, Koshi E, Philip K, Mohan A. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: An overview. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2011 Oct;15(4):323-7. doi: 10.4103/0972-124X.92563.
26. Andersen R, Loebel N, Hammond D, Wilson M. Treatment of periodontal disease by photodisinfection compared to scaling and root planing. J Clin Dent. 2007;18(2):34-8.
27. Braun A, Dehn C, Krause F, Jepsen S. Short-term clinical effects of adjunctive antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in periodontal treatment: a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Periodontol. 2008 Oct;35(10):877-84. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2008.01303.x.
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Published
2025-10-02
How to Cite
Mathew, A., George, R., V Pulayath, C., Prabu, P., Renji K Paul, & Akhil S. (2025). Illuminating oral health: a comprehensive review of photodynamic therapy in dentistry. UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF DENTAL SCIENCES, 11(3), 81-91. https://doi.org/10.21276/ujds.2025.v11.i3.17
Section
Review Article
